history-of-science

The history of human disciplines is fundamentally a story of resistance against “living difficulties” (high Load). This paper reinterprets the birth of eight major academic fields through the lens of Load Minimization Theory (LMT: L = U + F + E). It argues that disciplines emerged as collective attempts to reduce Uncertainty (U) and Friction (F), ultimately seeking An-soku (deep relational rest).…

The Null Contribution: What Did Watson and Crick Discover? J. L. Nielsen Watson and Crick's 1953 Nature paper on the structure of DNA is 842 words long, reports no experiments, and presents no original data. This paper demonstrates that it contains no original conclusions. A systematic comparison of every structural claim in the Watson–Crick paper against the documented contents of Rosalind Frank…

A paper about Artificial Intelligence and the effects of Humans.

Summary Bowlby’s Maternal Care and Mental Health and its abridgement Child Care and the Growth of Love present two claims. The first (MCMH1) holds that children develop better mental health when they experience care from at least one familiar caregiver. The second (MCMH2) states that a child’s development and well-being depend on their mother’s constant presence and attention. Archival material s…

International audience

Abstract Within Victorian Britain, scientists, historians, theists, mathematicians, and writers gradually proliferated three ideas about time. Time enables evolution. Time is linear. Time brings progress. Across the following chapters of this study, we’ll see philosophers reacting to these ideas again and again. This chapter describes them, showing how important they were to the period. Within Vi…

Abstract Chapter 6 shows how Reagan’s industrial policy was succeeded by the administrations of the 1990s, George H.W. Bush (1989–1993) and Bill Clinton (1993–2001). Both administrations continued to use a horizontal industrial policy approach, particularly in high-technology sectors like semiconductors, biotechnology, and telecommunications. Further, the US government systematically expanded the…

Abstract This chapter examines Paddington’s evolving relationship with authority, tracing his movement from powerless child-migrant to symbolic national figure. Drawing on childhood studies, postcolonial theory, and political sociology, it explores how Paddington negotiates institutions of power including the police, the state, the monarchy, and the NHS. Paddington’s “childness” is central to his…

Abstract Eco-Evo-Devo introduces advanced undergraduate and graduate students to the emerging field of ecological and evolutionary developmental biology (or simply “eco-evo-devo”). This eco-evo-devo exemplifies a new biology centered on the relationship between organisms and their environments. This new discipline examines how the interplay between genes and the environment shapes how organisms d…

Abstract This chapter examines the violent conflicts between the Latter-day Saints and their neighbors from the 1830s to the 1850s, beginning with the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri that culminated in the Hawn’s Mill massacre and the expulsion of Mormons from the state. It traces the origins of hostility to tensions over religion, race, and politics as Joseph Smith’s followers settled in Missouri, s…

Let the soul be the part of physics

Abstract In 1908, J. M. E. McTaggart wondered if the ‘real nature of time only contains . . . the B series’. If B-theory is understood as affirming this then, along with many other scholars, the author read Russell as a B-theorist. This chapter focuses on a key part of Russell’s B-theory: his distinction between ‘physical’, objective time, comprising simultaneity, before, and after; and ‘mental’,…