Development of a risk stratification tool for rapidly progressive diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes

Background The progression of rapidly progressive diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by substantial inter-individual variability. To develop and validate a nomogram for individualized risk prediction and stratification of rapidly progressive PDR in T2DM by incorporating diabetes duration, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 24-hour urinary protein quantification, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale (DRSS) grade, and f