Global knowledge graph of osteoporosis biomarkers based on large language model embeddings and complex network algorithms

Background This study applies advanced artificial intelligence technologies to reconstruct the global research landscape of osteoporosis (OP) biomarkers and to predict emerging nodes with potential clinical value. Methods Literature from the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed over the past 20 years was integrated. The OpenAI text-embedding-3-large model mapped keywords into a high-dimensional semantic space, enabling deep clustering through cosine similarity and reducing polysemy. The Wal