Exploring the binding interaction of rupatadine with bovine serum albumin using multi-spectroscopic and molecular modeling approaches

Rupatadine (RUPA), a second-generation H₁-receptor antagonist, is used to treat allergies with a further antagonistic action on platelet-activating factor. Here, the binding interaction between RUPA and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated via various approaches, including spectrofluorimetric techniques, thermodynamic studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and molecular docking (MD). The spectrofluorimetric titration study w