Mulberry, aloe vera and roselle extracts as an alternative to antibiotics in semen extenders for goats

Abstract The reliance on antibiotics in goat semen extenders to control microbial contamination has raised concerns about the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of mulberry ( Morus alba ), roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ), and aloe vera ( Aloe barbadensis ) extracts as natural alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Semen was collected from Boer crossbred bucks (n = 5), and bacterial isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing us