Abstract Urban agriculture programs (UAP) are increasingly promoted for food security and community engagement, yet participants often face challenges that limit effectiveness. This study examined key issues in UAP by focusing on program context, inputs, processes, and outcomes. A quantitative design was employed using a structured questionnaire survey with 230 participants from four major urban centres in Peninsular Malaysia, selected through cluster sampling to ensure regional representation. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Results indicate that participants frequently reported problems related to pest and disease management, inadequate infrastructure, limited equipment, and insufficient community participation. The study concludes that enhancing infrastructure, expanding training opportunities, strengthening community leadership, and addressing environmental constraints are essential strategies to improve the sustainability and impact of UAP.