The human brain in space: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging evidence
Elisa Raffaella Ferre
IntroductionHuman space exploration is progressing into an unprecedented era characterized by extended-duration missions, the establishment of permanent lunar bases, and planned crewed voyages to Mars. These activities introduce important physiological challenges, primarily driven by exposure to altered gravity environments. Microgravity disrupts vestibular input, generating sensory conflicts that impair spatial orientation, motor coordination, and cognitive performance. Although adaptation to s