Eighteen-month-old children can update false-beliefs on the basis of verbal information in a referentially ambiguous communicative context

We investigated whether 18-month-old children were capable of updating third-person representations about object location based on verbal information. Whether verbal information was applicable to the update was determined by the pragmatic context. For this, we used a location change paradigm that required mapping a novel label to one of two unfamiliar objects, only possible if young children tracked the protagonist's belief state. Children witnessed an object-hiding event by the protagonist, who