IntroductionCognitive–motor interventions have emerged as promising rehabilitation strategies to enhance neuroplasticity following stroke; however, their effects on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) remain incompletely understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of cognitive–motor interventions on serum BDNF levels in adults and older adults after stroke.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of