IntroductionUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying direction selectivity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is crucial in visual neuroscience. Retinal direction selectivity is critical for gaze stabilization through optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, and its loss impairs the ability to stabilize gaze and track moving objects, potentially impacting behaviors that rely on accurate motion detection. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that the interplay between excitatory and inhibitory input