Animal models for diabetic kidney disease: perspectives and prospects
Wanxia Zhang
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes. Animal models of DKD play a crucial role in elucidating disease pathogenesis, exploring therapeutic strategies, and developing pharmacological interventions. This article systematically reviews the methodologies for establishing the four main categories of DKD animal models (induced, spontaneous, genetically engineered, and disease-syndrome combination models). We summarize the advantages, disadvantages, and inher