This book provides a foundational, epistemologically driven introduction to behavioral learning and neural plasticity, reframing psychological phenomena strictly within the framework and philosophy of natural science (pp. 5, 8, 10). Moving away from traditional, uncritical compilations of experimental literature, the text casts the mechanisms of learning as deep biological and philosophical questions (p. 8). The author argues that behavior must be analyzed at the biological, neurophysiological, and molecular levels to achieve genuine integration and validity (pp. 8, 21). Throughout the text, a robust critique is leveled against modern behavioral science's reliance on arbitrary operational definitions and the over-application or misunderstanding of statistical tests, advocating instead for the rigorous, direct observational methods modeled by pioneers like Pavlov, Skinner, and Claude Bernard (pp. 9-10). By evaluating foundational behavioral changes—including habituation, sensitization, Pavlovian conditioning, and operant conditioning—the book challenges anthropomorphic concepts like "association" (pp. 7, 39-40). Instead, it replaces them with natural science mechanisms such as synaptic depression, contiguity-dependent facilitation, and neural network dynamics (p. 40). Integrating historical scientific milestones, evolutionary principles, and Niels Bohr’s principle of complementarity, this work functions as both a textbook and a methodological manifesto designed to train researchers in the core philosophy of natural science (pp. 10, 19, 23).