ObjectiveDrawing on the Stimulus-Organism-Response framework, this mixed-methods research examines how specific mobile navigation architectures, namely complexity and diversity, shape older adults' cognitive load, affective states, and enduring digital self-efficacy.MethodsThe study utilized a two-phase design. Phase 1 involved a cross-sectional survey of 285 community-dwelling older adults, applying Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to test parallel mediation pathways. Phase 2