AI snake oil? A risk/benefit analysis for toxicology
Alexandra Maertens
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to support predictive, mechanistic, and human-relevant toxicology at scale. However, its integration into regulatory science - particularly in drug development - remains uneven, because encouraging technical performance has not yet translated automatically into regulatory trust. Representative AI toxicology studies now span datasets from roughly 103 chemicals to >3 × 104 peptide or chemical records and report performance ranging from modest in pr