Quantum 10, 2126 (2026). https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-08-2126 The study of quantum reference frames has received renewed interest over the last years, leading to the parallel development of non-equivalent frameworks by different communities. We clarify the differences between these frameworks. At the mathematical level, they mainly differ in the kind of symmetry (either weak or strong) employed to constrain the system. We show that this mathematical difference corresponds to a fundamental

What can we do in a symmetry-constrained perspective? The importance of the total charge’s status in quantum reference frame frameworks
Guilhem Doat and Augustin Vanrietvelde
