Biodiesel synthesis from Blighia sapida seed oil: comparative modelling via RSM and ANFIS–PSO hybrid optimization
Micheal O. Olusanya
The depletion of fossil fuels and growing environmental concerns necessitate the development of renewable biofuels. Blighia sapida seed oil, an inedible and underutilized resource, presents a viable option for biodiesel production. This study optimized its transesterification process using advanced modelling to improve yield and fuel quality. A two-step esterification–transesterification approach was used, with process variables, methanol-to-oil molar ratio (6:1–12:1), catalyst concentration (0.