Yiannopoulos, Alexander: Time-Energy Complementarity and Black Hole Thermodynamics

The standard thermodynamic interpretation of black holes assigns temperature, entropy, and thermal radiation to the event horizon. All three concepts presuppose the ability to measure energy. We argue that this prerequisite fails at the horizon: proper time for stationary observers vanishes exactly at any Killing horizon—a coordinate-invariant consequence of classical general relativity—and energy measurement requires nonzero temporal duration. Energy is therefore not "infinitely uncertain" at t