Quantum 10, 2127 (2026). https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-08-2127 Classical shadows provide a versatile framework for estimating many properties of quantum states from repeated, randomly chosen measurements without requiring full quantum state tomography. When prior information is available, such as knowledge of symmetries of states and operators, this knowledge can be exploited to significantly improve sample efficiency. In this work, we develop three classical shadow protocols for $\mathbb{Z

Classical shadows for sample-efficient measurements of gauge-invariant observables
Jacob Bringewatt, Henry Froland, Andreas Elben, and Niklas Mueller
