Gansinger, Martin A. M.: Religious Illegibility and Political Survival: Black American Islam as a New Religious Movement and Its Mediation in 1990s Hip Hop

Religions 17 (6):644. 2026This article investigates Black American Islam as a semiotically mediated New Religious Movement (NRM), hybrid in nature and emerging from conditions of racialized governance, state surveillance, and social marginalization. Focused on the intersection of NRMs and political environments, the work engages in the reconstruction of a historical and conceptual lineage between Black Muslim movements and their mediated negotiation by Hip Hop artists. Grounded in Hall’s model