neurobiology

Thanks to special 3D-printed scaffolding trays designed by experts at Cincinnati Children's, researchers can now produce larger versions of functional human gut organoids twice as fast as previous methods-and these organoids grow their own nerve cells.

It is known that the antiepileptic drug valproate increases the risk of developmental disorders in unborn children.

Eating too much junk food early in life may rewire the brain in ways that last into adulthood, even after switching to a healthier diet. Scientists found that high-fat, high-sugar diets changed feeding behavior and disrupted appetite-control regions in the brain. Excitingly, certain gut-friendly bacteria and prebiotic fibers appeared to help undo some of the damage.

Scientists have uncovered alarming new evidence that a common insecticide may leave lasting marks on the developing brain before a child is even born. Researchers studying New York City children found that prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos — a pesticide once widely used indoors and still used in agriculture — was linked to widespread brain abnormalities and weaker motor skills years later.

ObjectiveVisual impairment (VI) affects millions of children worldwide and may influence neurodevelopmental processes beyond sensory functioning. Although cross-modal plasticity has been proposed as a compensatory mechanism, the extent to which VI severity affects verbal learning and executive functioning during development remains unclear. This study examined verbal and executive function profil…

Oropouche virus (OROV) is an orthobunyavirus undergoing dramatic re-emergence and rapid geographic expansion across Central and South America, coinciding with the emergence of reassortant lineages carrying novel segment combinations and adaptive mutations. Despite extensive genomic and epidemiological characterization, the biological mechanisms driving OROV resurgence during 2023–2024 remain uncl…

IntroductionIn recent years, the global incidence of depression has continued to rise, posing a severe threat to physical and mental health as well as overall quality of life. While Lactobacillus, as a significant probiotic, has demonstrated remarkable potential in alleviating depressive symptoms, the specific mechanisms of Limosilactobacillus fermentum in depression have not been fully elucidate…

How do we learn to remember? At the most fundamental level, it's all about chemicals and electricity. Beyond their roles in diet and nutrition, calcium and magnesium work as ions, or charged particles, in the brain.

ObjectiveThis study aims to quantitatively assess the efficacy of exosome therapy for epilepsy through a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical animal experiments. We seek to clarify its overall effects on seizure reduction, cognitive function preservation, and neuroinflammation suppression.MethodsA systematic search was conducted across four English-language and four Chinese database…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α-synuclein. Current treatments primarily focus on symptom alleviation, highlighting the necessity for identifying novel molecular therapeutic targets. RNA editing, as a post-transcriptional process that modifies RNA sequences without altering genomic DNA, i…

The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) is a critical intracellular protein degradation system responsible for maintaining proteostasis and metabolic balance within cells. Dysfunction of this pathway has been increasingly recognized as a key pathological basis underlying various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms by which ALP …

Introduction and objectivePopulations at high altitude (HA) face a higher incidence and severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This pilot study utilized longitudinal 1H-MRS to identify neurochemical biomarkers of HA adaptation and the subsequent metabolic response to mild TBI (mTBI).MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice were exposed to simulated HA (5,000 m) or sea level (SL) for 12 weeks. Following adapt…

The biological shifts that accompany aging seemingly occur in many cells in the body, but technical limitations have stymied our understanding of those changes. Now researchers have produced two groundbreaking techniques that overcome these traditional barriers. The researchers hope their techniques will function as both clinical and research tools for diagnosing disease and uncovering new biolog…

As a highly differentiated sensory organ, the maintenance of the eye's physiological functions relies on rigorous metabolic regulation.

Neurons and white blood cells differ greatly in shape, function, and location within the body. However, researchers at the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil discovered that certain genes are equally dysregulated in both cell types in people with depression.

Rather than catching a yawn on sight, muscles squeezing the uterus could be the trigger for a fetus to catch a yawn from its mother.

Scientific Reports, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41598-026-49629-2 Sex differences in the expression of GnRH regulators in the preoptic area of guinea pigs