Trishala Pathak, LL.M. (Human Rights and Duties Education), Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India ABSTRACT The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 marks an important development in India's criminal-law response to specified forms of collective identity-based violence. Sections 103(2) and 117(4) introduce specialised provisions concerning group-based m…
