cryptography

Operational Technology (OT) is experiencing one of the most remarkable shifts in its history as increased OT and Information Technology (IT) systems converge to form unified, intelligent systems. The aim of this review article is to look at the most important technology trends that are currently changing the OT landscape and consider the impact of these on architecture, operation, and security fo…

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6G paradigm enables massive network slicing for pervasive digitization across vertical industries, demanding scalable,sustainable, AI-driven zero-touch automation, particularly under non-IID conditions in live networks. This work introducesa cloud-native service-level agreement (SLA)-driven stochastic policy to guarantee a scalable and fast operation of constrainedfederated learning (FL)-based an…

With the increasing deployment of Reinforcement Learning (RL) for network optimization at the edge of wirelessnetworks, the RL workload emerges as a significant challenge. While the placement of general Machine Learning workloadsacross the cloud–edge continuum has been widely studied, existing solutions typically exclude RL techniques due to theirdistinct structure and operational requirements. I…

Sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks are expected to meet all the demands of the next decade, a feasibility that is onlypossible with advances in network design and management. This paper first proposes a unified resource management framework for a 6G-based network architecture that includes an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) deployment and then defines a hierarchical network energy control …

We analyze the linearized dynamics of the validated late-time coherence-field kernel of Radial Coherential Dynamics (RCD), the bistable Allen–Cahn / Wright–Fisher reaction–diffusion equation whose coarsening behavior in expanding Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) backgrounds was established in prior work [1]. Computing the principal symbol of the operator governing small perturbations δC about a h…

We prove that E7 is the unique simple Lie algebra g for which the quantity dim(g) + max_mark(Ĝ) is simultaneously prime, congruent to 1 (mod 4), and a Gaussian prime norm on the cascade tower of z = 2+i. The proof is by exhaustive enumeration over all simple Lie algebras—the four infinite classical families (An, Bn, Cn, Dn) and the five exceptional algebras (G2, F4, E6, E7, E8)—using a three-laye…

We study the expression complexity of the Riemann explicit formula from the perspective of grammar-based symbolic regression. Starting from the EML operator eml(a,b) = exp(a) − log(b), we show that this operator fails to produce oscillatory terms and therefore cannot encode the explicit-formula structure. We then derive a replacement operator eml_zeta(g, t) = (cos(γt) + 2γ sin(γt)) / (¼ + γ²) dir…

This technical note is Part I-2 of the AIKernel / AIOS Phase-1 specification series. It defines the VFS Architecture and Semantic Storage Model as the storage boundary governance layer for deterministic AI systems. The paper introduces capability-based VFS sessions, non-routable transition semantics, bounded storage topology, and deterministic read-only projection for replay. It formalizes storag…

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Age of Information (AoI) is a widely used metric to quantify the freshness of updates in communication systems. Existing AoI analyses implicitly assume a shared or synchronized notion of time between transmitter and receiver, thereby neglecting distortions arising from relative motion and gravitational effects. In this paper, we investigate the impact of relativistic time dilation on information …

The timestamp problem You ship a file. A week later, someone claims they had the same idea first. How do you prove your file existed before theirs? Cryptographic hashes solve "this file is unchanged." They do not solve "this hash existed at this time." For that you need a timestamp that somebody else can verify without trusting you. The two usual answers are a Certificate Authority timestamp (tru…

Round-reduced variants of AES are widely used as building blocks in the design of cryptographic schemes. The study of non-random properties and distinguishers for round-reduced AES has always been an important research topic. The longest known secret-key distinguishers on AES cover 6 rounds. Related differences and related differentials were introduced by the designers of AES in 2009, but researc…

Last week Gemini bought concert tickets autonomously. Claude can now control your browser. AI agents are signing into services, making purchases, and communicating with each other — right now, today. Nobody is asking the obvious question: how do you know the agent doing all of this is actually who it claims to be? I've been thinking about this problem for months. The more I dug in, the more I rea…