Scientific Data

Abstract Biomass, organic wastes and by-products are increasingly targeted for low-carbon fuels and value-added chemicals. However, strategic decision-making from a circular economy perspective requires a big-picture view of the relative significance of different conversion technologies in handling diverse feedstock portfolios, and no large-scale, cross-technology mapping of these portfolios is c…

Abstract The utilization of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) in search and rescue (SAR) operations has become increasingly prevalent because the deployment of UAVs is expected to facilitate a higher degree of operational flexibility while simultaneously reducing costs. Currently, commercially available UAVs can be equipped with low-resolution thermal infrared (IR) cameras with typical resolutions …

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a key physiological trait influencing yield formation and resource utilization in melon ( Cucumis melo var. saccharinus ). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying differential NUE among melon cultivars, we performed transcriptome profiling of four inbred lines with contrasting NUE-T514 and T55 (N-efficient) and T213 and T23 (N-inefficient)-grown under hig…

Abstract Stress plays a significant role in energy regulation and mental health. However, the dynamics of long-term stress patterns in daily life and the influence of stress valence on chronic stress and psychological health remain insufficiently understood. Wearable sensors offer an unobtrusive way to measure individual stress responses in daily life by enabling continuous, long-term recording o…

Abstract The King Ratsnake ( Elaphe carinata ), a widely distributed non-colubrine snake in East Asia, exhibits a remarkable capacity for broad-spectrum venom resistance, enabling it to prey on other snakes, including lethal viperid and elapid species. Despite its ecological and physiological significance, the genetic basis of this trait remains largely unknown. Here, we present a chromosome-leve…

Abstract Climate impact assessments increasingly require high-resolution climate projections that capture fine-scale processes. While the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) provides global climate simulations at 25–50 km resolution without statistical downscaling, systematic biases still limit their direct application for impact assessment studies. Here we present BC-HiRMI…

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an abnormal expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat sequence in the HTT gene. Research on HD, a rare condition, relies heavily on donations of post-mortem brain tissue, which are extremely valuable yet difficult to obtain. While numerous studies have published single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data from the brain tissue…

Abstract Benchmarking is essential for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, existing multimodal benchmarks lack dedicated resources for traditional Chinese opera, a domain rich in cultural and visual complexity. To address this gap, we introduce the TCO-Dataset, a bilingual multimodal dataset designed to assess LLMs’ ability to interpret and reason about Chinese o…

Abstract As key components of terrestrial ecosystems, fungi play vital roles in ecological processes and functions, and are associated with innumerable plant, vertebrate, and arthropod taxa. Among arthropod taxa, aphids (Hemiptera) are commonly found in both natural and agricultural ecosystems, where some species cause substantial crop damage. Here, we provide a novel and unique dataset, AphidFun…

Abstract Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a fundamental parameter linking vegetation structure with surface energy and carbon exchange in Earth system models. However, the underestimation of LAI caused by snow cover remains a persistent limitation of existing satellite products. Here, we develop a global snow-free LAI dataset covering the years 1985–2020 at 500 m resolution. The method compiles over 2700…

Abstract In order to improve the predictability of the mechanical behavior of veneer composite materials, such as plywood or laminated veneer lumber, calculations and simulations require material data for their single layers (veneer). Until now, two factors have prevented this from being achieved. First, complete material parameters and raw data describing the mechanical behavior of rotary-cut ve…

Abstract Buildings are significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 26% of global energy sector emissions in 2022. Meeting net-zero goals requires a rapid reduction in building emissions, both directly from the buildings and indirectly from the production of electricity and heat used in buildings. National energy planning for net zero demands both detailed and compr…