PEDIATRICS

OBJECTIVE To investigate if providing additional parenteral amino acids to extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants improves neurocognitive function, lean mass, and muscle strength at early school age, without adverse effects on blood pressure and general health. STUDY DESIGN Multicenter, 2-arm parallel, double-blinded randomized trial of an additional 1 g/d of parenteral amino acids for 5 days a…

Since its founding in 1930, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has recognized that comprehensive child health requires not only primary care but also specialized procedural expertise. Beginning with the establishment of the Section on Surgery in 1948, pediatric surgical and procedural disciplines progressively organized within the academy to ensure that children’s unique operative, anesthet…

OBJECTIVE Subthreshold phototherapy use is common in infants with hyperbilirubinemia but leads to overtreatment of safe bilirubin levels. Coincident with publication of the 2022 American Academy of Pediatrics neonatal hyperbilirubinemia guidelines, we formed a quality improvement (QI) collaborative with the aim to reduce inpatient subthreshold phototherapy use to 10% of all phototherapy encounter…

BACKGROUND Telesimulation (TS) addresses barriers to delivering simulation training in rural environments. We implemented a longitudinal TS program, Maine Ongoing Outreach Simulation Education (MOOSE), across 5 hospitals. We aimed to improve team adherence to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) and assess the impact of team composition and training intervals. METHODS Teams at 5 hospitals par…

We present a rare case of a 7-month-old infant with a complex invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection involving rib osteomyelitis, a pulmonary abscess, and a chest wall abscess. The patient presented with persistent fever and no respiratory symptoms. On day 9, chest radiography was performed because of persistent fever and marked leukocytosis, consistent with the American College of Radiology…

OBJECTIVE To assess how number of children relates to part-time work, partner employment, and household responsibilities among female and male pediatricians. METHODS We analyzed weighted 2024 data from 2029 participants in the American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study, representing 3 national age cohorts of pediatricians. Respondents reported number and ages of …

CONTEXT Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk of cerebral abnormalities. Current evidence is limited by small sample sizes, single-center cohorts, and single time points. OBJECTIVE Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of structural cerebral abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with CHD during prenatal, postnatal–preo…

Guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics on generic drugs was last published in 1987. The regulatory process for development of a new generic product in place of the reference brand-name drug requires extensive US Food Drug and Administration (FDA) standards for similarity to ensure the same safety and effectiveness profiles as the reference drug. Since the last statement was published, t…

Guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics on generic drugs was last published in 1987. The regulatory process for development of a new generic product in place of the reference brand-name drug requires extensive Food Drug and Administration (FDA) standards for similarity to expect the same safety and effectiveness profiles. Since the last guidance, the growth in biologic agents and the dev…

OBJECTIVE To estimate associations of more than minimal prenatal nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and opioid exposures with gestational age, birth weight, and birth weight for gestational age. METHODS Data were drawn from the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study, a multisite, longitudinal study in the United States. Predefined recruitment thresholds for each substance were assessed using …

Gender-based pay inequities persist in pediatrics, affecting women at all career stages and across subspecialties, even after accounting for work hours, duties, and productivity. These inequities are further pronounced between pediatrics, a women-dominated field, and men-dominated adult medicine and surgery. Contributing factors include systemic bias; unequal access to mentorship, sponsorship, an…

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Young adults, aged 18 to 24 years old, vape more than any other age group. Vaping is concerning due to health harms associated with nicotine and toxicant inhalation and potential for use to lead to smoking. Evidence on vaping cessation is limited. Using data from Wave 6 (2021) and Wave 7 (2022–2023) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, we examined factor…

Graduate medical education is grounded in a core commitment to the public: that individuals who complete a training program and are certified by their specialty board are “practice ready”—that is, they are able to meet the needs of their patients (and caregivers) upon entering practice. Beginning in 2028, the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) aims to advance and operationalize this commitment by…

CONTEXT Timely detection and management of vision problems is essential in children for optimal outcomes. OBJECTIVE To summarize pediatric quality measures for vision screening and follow-up in the United States. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, and PsychINFO (2009–December 2024), plus gray literature from governmental and nongovernmental sources. STUDY SELECTION Relevant sy…