Frontiers in Immunology

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa, whose pathogenesis is intricately linked to metabolic reprogramming within both immune and epithelial compartments. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway serves as a central immunometabolic hub that integrates nutrient availability, microbial cues, and inflammatory signals to orches…

Introduction Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by neurovascular instability and dysregulated innate immunity. Although mast-cell activation is increasingly recognized as a central pathogenic feature, the neuroimmune mechanisms linking neuropeptide signaling to mast cell-mediated inflammation remain incompletely defined. This study investigated whether calcitonin gene-r…

N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A), the most abundant internal RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, has emerged as a critical regulator of antiviral host defense. Increasing evidence indicates that m 6 A functions beyond conventional post-transcriptional regulation by dynamically coordinating the magnitude, timing, and duration of immune responses during viral infection. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, dysregu…

Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a major therapeutic challenge because disability often continues to accumulate despite effective control of relapses and new focal inflammatory lesions. This dissociation suggests that progression is driven not only by acute inflammation, but also by a distinct process increasingly termed smoldering neuroinflammation. Recent evidence supports chronic ac…

Peritoneal metastasis is the most devastating form of progression of gastric cancer, characterized by strong immune suppressive properties and resistance to treatment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the main population of immune cells in the peritoneal cavity and participate in nearly every step of this process. In this Review, we focus on the two major origins of peritoneal macrophages …

Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) is a CXC chemokine abundantly sequestered within platelet α-granules. Its modulatory roles in age-related dysfunction across cognitive, immune, and hematopoietic systems have garnered increasing research attention in recent years. PF4 modulates an array of biological pathways associated with the attenuation of aging-related cellular defects; these pathways are activated by…

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumour in adults, and after treatment, it is also difficult to know whether a person’s health has improved. Pseudoprogression (PsP), particularly following radiotherapy and combination therapy with temozolomide and new immunotherapies, may be falsely identified as true progression (TP) by conventional MRI, thus leading to premature t…

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disorder, results in tooth loss and adversely affects oral and systemic health. Current therapies fail to effectively regenerate bone loss caused by inflammation. Human stem cell-derived exosomes have emerged as important mediators of tissue regeneration and inflammation modulation in periodontitis, yet their clinical use faces ethical and technical challenge…

Autoimmune uveitis (AU) is a vision-threatening intraocular inflammatory disease characterized by disruption of ocular immune privilege, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction, and progressive immune-mediated retinal injury. Although corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive therapies remain clinically effective, their long-term use is limited by adverse effects, relapse, and incomplete…

Background Bulk RNA-sequencing of thoracic tumours is routine, but the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires it contains are rarely re-mined with a uniform pipeline, and library-prep compatibility for productive V–J-spanning assembly is rarely audited at the cohort level for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC). Objective We built a reproducible, openly-re…

Pain in osteoarthritis (OA) is not explained adequately by cartilage loss or radiographic severity. Synovial inflammation, tissue damage, and neural plasticity interact across the joint, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and brain to shape the intensity and persistence of symptoms. This mini review examines the synovium as an immune niche in OA pain and follows the signals that connect activated …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a malignancy with high global morbidity and mortality, has therapeutic resistance as a major focus of both clinical and basic research. In recent years, protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), key regulators of intracellular protein function and cell signaling, play critical roles in therapeutic resistance in liver cancer. Current studies indicate that div…

Background Approximately 5–10% of healthy, immunocompetent individuals are low- or non-responders to the HepB vaccine. The mechanism remains obscured. Among responders, immunity may wane over time, becoming undetectable in some. However, in some vaccinees, high anti-HBs titers persist for decades. Investigating the underlying causes may in turn provide clues to solving low- or non-response. Metho…

Background Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) predispose patients to malignancy, particularly lymphoma, but data on diagnostic sequence and outcomes are limited. Methods We retrospectively analyzed IEI-associated malignancies diagnosed at a single center between January 2004 and December 2025. Results Among 1,668 patients with IEI, 67 (4.0%) developed malignancy. Median ages at IEI and malignancy di…

Background Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are key immune niches involved in antitumor immunity. However, their functional impact depends on spatial localization, maturation status, and cellular composition within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Despite the recognized role of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) in gastric carcinogenesis and immune modulation, its influence on TLS arch…

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus marked by immune complex deposition and tissue-specific inflammation. Advances in single-cell transcriptomics and high-dimensional immune profiling have revealed that CD8 + T cells form a highly heterogeneous and compartment-dependent landscape across peripheral blood, kidney, and urine. This review aims to delineate h…

Circadian rhythms, an endogenous timing system that enables organisms to adapt to Earth’s rotation, profoundly regulate fundamental physiological processes including cellular metabolism, hormone secretion, and immune surveillance. Recent advances have revealed that circadian disruption drives tumor initiation and progression, with its modulatory role in tumor immunity serving as a pivotal link be…

Background Sepsis poses significant challenges in early detection and treatment due to its heterogeneous nature and overlaps with other conditions, such as pneumonia. Identifying reliable biomarkers is crucial for intervention and outcomes. Methods A total of 190 adults, aged 18 years and above, categorized into four groups: sepsis (n=50), pneumonia (n=53), pneumonia with sepsis (n=34), and healt…

Insects are the most diverse group of animals in nature, occupying nearly every ecological niche and playing central roles as pollinators, pests, and disease vectors. Despite this vast diversity, insects rely on a set of conserved yet evolutionarily adaptable immune pathways to defend against pathogens. Early studies in insect immunity have laid the foundation for human immunology, and recent adv…

Introduction Porcine tonsils are follicle-rich secondary lymphoid organs positioned at the oropharyngeal interface. In pigs, a major livestock species, they serve as a primary barrier against inhaled and ingested pathogens and play a central role in mucosal immunity. Despite their importance as a point of entry and as a reservoir for numerous pathogens, the cellular landscape driving tonsillar im…