Frontiers in Immunology

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the real-world efficacy, safety, and application patterns of efgartigimod in Chinese patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), with a focus on individualized treatment strategies. Methods We conducted a single-center, retrospective analysis of 81 gMG patients who received at least one standard cycle of efgartigimod (10 mg/kg weekly for 4 weeks). Dis…

Background This study elucidated several plasma proteins that are causally linked to the risk of diabetic neuropathy (DN), offering novel insights into the protein-mediated DN pathogenesis and potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Methods We employed Mendelian randomization (MR) utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to evaluate the causal effects of 4,907 proteins on DN. W…

Background Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by dysregulated osteoclast activity, resulting in increased bone degradation and compromised bone microarchitecture. While the interconnection between osteoclast differentiation and cellular energy metabolism has become increasingly recognized, the role of pyrimidine metabolism in this process remains largely undefined. Methods Int…

Background Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) involves heterogeneous mechanisms, and primary progressive MS without inflammatory activity (PPMS-NA) is poorly understood. Objective To characterize the immune–oxidative profile of PPMS-NA and assess plasma IL-6, IL-8, IFNα2, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reactive oxygen species (ROS) as predictors of disability and cognitive decline. Methods We con…

SERPINA12 is a member of the serpin superfamily that has been extensively studied in metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In recent years, increasing evidence has highlighted its emerging role in skin physiology and dermatological diseases. SERPINA12 is expressed in multiple skin cell types, including keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, where it participates in the regulation of inflammation, …

Background Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is a severe and potentially fatal complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Early identification of patients at risk is essential for timely intervention and improved outcomes. This study aimed to identify biomarkers capable of predicting the early risk of TA-TMA in patients with seve…

Obesity drives cardiovascular disease primarily through chronic meta-inflammation, yet the precise molecular convergence linking nutrient excess to sustained NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages has remained unclear. Obesity induces inhibitory phosphorylation of SAMHD1, resulting in cytosolic dNTP accumulation, mitochondrial import through SLC25 transporters, uncontrolled mtDNA synthesis …

Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) is a group of diseases characterized by recurrent wheals and/or angioedema induced by specific triggers. Research into its underlying mechanisms remains underdeveloped, historically lagging behind that of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). The profound heterogeneity across CIndU subtypes presents a central challenge, translating into limited and variable effi…

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy by reinvigorating antitumor immunity through the blockade of inhibitory pathways such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Despite their remarkable clinical success, only a subset of patients derives durable benefit, w…

Background Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is a life-threatening condition characterized by uncontrolled inflammation and progressive fibrosis, with limited effective therapies. Kangxianhuanji Formula (KHF), a traditional herbal prescription, has been used clinically for AE-IPF, but its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacolog…

Background The COVID-19 pandemic imposed a major global health and economic burden. Although the pandemic was no longer declared a public health emergency of international concern in May 2023, SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, and millions remain affected by long COVID. This raises the question whether continued vaccination provides lasting benefits in preventing viral transmission and seve…

Purpose This study aimed to investigate alterations in intestinal mucosal barrier function and gut microbiota in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, and to evaluate whether perioperative probiotic administration improves intestinal homeostasis and clinical outcomes. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in infant…

Hematologic disorders, including malignant and autoimmune conditions, present persistent clinical challenges characterized by relapse, treatment resistance, and profound immune dysregulation. While conventional immunotherapies have advanced, their efficacy is frequently limited by HLA downregulation and effector T cell exhaustion. In this context, γδ T cells offer a promising therapeutic alternat…

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovitis, progressive joint destruction, and diverse extra-articular complications. Increasing evidence indicates that RA pathogenesis is not driven by isolated inflammatory events, but by a tightly interconnected network involving immune dysregulation, metabolic reprogramming, and aberrant mechanotran…

Introduction Antibodies mediate a wide range of antiviral functions, including neutralization and diverse Fc-dependent effector activities. Among these, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) has emerged as an important mechanism contributing to pathogen clearance, including during HIV-1 infection. Conventional bead-based ADCP assays typically rely on recombinant envelope glycoprotein (E…

Objective To describe the etiological spectrum, treatment approaches, clinical and laboratory characteristics in pediatric secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) to improve awareness of this severe illness and summarize evolving management strategies. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 110 children initially diagnosed with sHLH at our hospital between January 1, 2018, …

Cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality, with incidence and mortality rates rising annually. Atorvastatin, a widely used statin, primarily functions by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, thereby lowering cholesterol. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that ATV possesses significa…

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) and VEXAS syndrome (Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic) are two clinically overlapping conditions in which neurological complications remain uncommon. Based on the existing literature, neurological involvement in RP most frequently comprises meningitis, encephalitis, cranial nerve palsies, and stroke, whereas VEXAS is additionally characterized …

This scoping review highlights the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in mediating the bidirectional crosstalk between CD8+ T cells and tumor cells within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-155, miR-340-5p) orchestrate CD8+ T cell function by fine-tuning immune checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1), metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic states. Conversely, CD8+ T…

Background Pulmonary Mycobacteroides abscessus (MAB) infection presents a therapeutic challenge, and while anti-programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1) therapy is clinically associated with increased MAB risk, yet the underlying immunomodulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Methods We established a PD-1-deficient mouse model of MAB infection and assessed bacterial clearance, immune responses, and met…