A Polymeric Nanoparticle System for the Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Components into Arabidopsis Pollen

Efficient and heritable genome editing in plants remains constrained by transformation bottlenecks and reliance on tissue culture-based regeneration. Targeting the male germline offers a promising alternative for DNA-free genome modification. Here, we report a polymeric nanoparticle platform for the delivery of RNA-based CRISPR/Cas9 components into Arabidopsis thaliana pollen, establishing a foundation for sperm transfection-assisted genome editing (STAGE)-like approaches in plants. Poly(2-dimet