Restoring immune homeostasis in the spinal microenvironment: targeting mechano-inflammation and immunometabolic reprogramming

Chronic inflammatory diseases of the spine, typified by axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), impose a substantial burden through refractory pain and irreversible structural remodelling (pathological ossification or fibrosis). Although current anti-inflammatory therapies can alleviate symptoms, their capacity to arrest structural deterioration remains limited, underscoring the constraints of approaches that target inflammatory cytokines in isolation. This th