Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring and safety in HIV-infected patients with invasive fungal disease

Objective To characterize the distribution of voriconazole (VRC) trough concentrations ( C trough ), identify factors associated with VRC exposure in HIV-infected patients complicated by invasive fungal disease (IFD), and determine the C trough threshold associated with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the First Hospital of Changsha from 1 January 2021, to 31 December 2025. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to id