Spatial Architecture of B7-H3-Expressing Cell Subpopulations Predicts Patient Prognosis in Lung Cancer Brain Metastases: A Pilot Study

Background: The clinical outcomes of lung cancer brain metastases (LCBMs) are highly variable. Traditional pathology relies on bulk cell densities. These static measures fail to capture the spatial architecture of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). B7-H3 (CD276) represents a key immune checkpoint in LCBMs. We investigated whether the spatial orchestration of B7-H3-expressing cell populations predicts patient prognosis. Methods: We performed multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) for B7-H3