The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in CRC progression, with immune cell density and spatial distribution—particularly of CD8⁺ T cells—being critical for prognosis. The Immunoscore, which quantifies CD3⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell densities in the tumor core (TC) and invasive margin (IM), has shown superior prognostic value over traditional tumor-node-metastatic (TNM) staging. However, it focuses solely on T-cell populations, missing other immune components like PD-L1, an immune checkpoin