Augmented Reality and Multimodal Interfaces for Astronaut Training and In-Orbit Operations

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Augmented Reality (AR) and <b>multimodal human–machine interfaces (MMI)</b>— combining visual overlays, voice, gesture, eye- tracking, and biometric sensing—are maturing into flight-relevant technologies capable of transforming astronaut training and in-orbit operations. These interfaces can reduce task time, lower procedural errors, and mitigate cognitive workload, thereby strengthening crew autonomy and missi