BACKGROUND Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) against human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are associated with increased immunologic risk in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). However, outcomes among DSA-positive patients are highly variable. Traditional markers, such as DSA class and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), often fail to capture the multidimensional nature of immunologic risk. AIM This retrospective study aims to stratify DSA-positive KTR into immunologic risk groups using unsupervised machi