Systematic review of multidisciplinary team strategies and novel research in rare and complex clinical cases

BACKGROUND Rare and complex clinical cases often lack standardized management protocols, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) collaboration provides holistic perspectives by integrating surgical, medical, radiological, pathological, and psychosocial expertise. Concurrently, innovative research - including precision medicine, artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics, and novel therapeutics - is bridging the gap between theory and practice. Synth