Introduction: Opioids are traditionally used in balanced anaesthesia to provide analgesia and haemodynamic stability; however, opioid‑related adverse effects such as respiratory depression, postoperative nausea and vomiting, delayed recovery, and opioid‑induced hyperalgesia have prompted the search for alternative strategies. Opioid‑Free Anaesthesia (OFA), based on multimodal non opioid analgesia, has emerged as a promising technique to maintain perioperative stability while minimising opioid ex