Combined exposure to silica nanoparticles and high-fat diet modulates metabolism-associated fatty liver disease via the gut–liver axis

Background The increasing prevalence of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with environmental pollutants and dietary factors, yet the synergistic effect and underlying mechanism of silica nanoparticles (SiNP) and a high-fat diet (HFD) remain unclear. Methods This study aimed to investigate the role of the gut–liver axis in MAFLD pathogenesis induced by co-exposure to SiNP and HFD, utilizing a multi-omics approach. Results In this study, we found that combined SiNP an