Multiwalled carbon nanotubes-jasmonate interactions enhance biomass production by regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis, δ-aminolevulinic acid/glutamate-1-semialdehyde metabolism, source–sink balance, and defense responses under chromium stress in soybean

Chromium (Cr) contamination severely reduces soybean growth by impairing photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and osmolyte balance, posing a significant threat to food security. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and jasmonic acid (JA) in mitigating chromium (Cr) stress in soybean plants. Chromium stress markedly reduced delta amino levulinic acid (64.33%), Glutamate-1-semialdehyde (66.87%), carotenoids (58.11%), RuBisCo activity (73.01%), and total s