Glioblastoma: epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and therapeutic resistance

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite maximal multimodal therapy. The 2021 WHO classification has improved diagnostic precision by incorporating key molecular features, including EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation, PTEN loss, and MGMT promoter methylation. However, current standard of care treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, temozolomide, and tumor