Restoring circadian disrupted gut microbial metabolite rhythms with phytochemicals: a new avenue against metabolic disease

The global epidemic of metabolic diseases—encompassing obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease—represents a defining public health challenge of our era. The traditional model of simple caloric excess vs. expenditure has proven insufficient, giving way to a paradigm that acknowledges complex interactions between genetics, environment, and lifestyle, mediated by intricate physiological systems. Among these, the host circadian