T cell Associated Cytokines Influence Bone Metabolism in A Glucose Dependent Manner: Implications for Fracture Healing in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disorder defined by autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β islet cells, resulting in insulin deficiency, dysregulated glucose metabolism, and systemic metabolic stress. These metabolic disturbances contribute to cumulative tissue damage and are associated with numerous long-term complications that impair quality of life and increase mortality. Among these complications, delayed or impaired healing following acute in