Enhanced heat transfer in battery thermal management system: A comparative review of single-phase and two-phase approaches

Lithium-ion batteries are the main power source for electric vehicles and play a critical role in decarbonizing the transportation sector. However, their performance, durability, and safety are highly sensitive to temperature. Therefore, effective battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are essential for maintaining the inter-cell temperature within its acceptable range and minimizing temperature non-uniformity. This review provides a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the currently av