Integrated Inflammatory Biomarker Profiling Differentiates Degrees of Body Mass Index Beyond Intestinal Barrier-Related Markers
Theocharis Koufakis·Kali Makedou·Katerina Thsiadou·Paraskevi Karalazou·Ioannis Georgiadis·Dimitrios Patoulias·Djordje S. Popovic·Giuseppe Maltese·Alexander Kokkinos·KALLIOPI KOTSA·Michael Doumas·Carel W. le Roux·Areti Kourti
Obesity is characterized by low-grade systemic inflammation and alterations in gut-related immune pathways that may contribute to metabolic dysfunction. Composite biomarker indices may better capture these complex processes than individual markers, although their performance may differ across biological domains. In this cross-sectional study, 88 adults without diabetes or infection were categorized as BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n = 20), BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2 (n = 34), or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (n = 34). Circulating