Heterogeneous-Tolerant Ripple Suppression for Parallel PV Distributed Converters: A Communication-Free Randomized Phase Shifting Method Based on Enhanced PSO

Conventional fixed phase-shift strategies for parallel PV converters fail to minimize output ripple under heterogeneous input conditions, while communication-based synchronous methods incur high costs and reliability risks. Furthermore, standard global optimization algorithms like conventional Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) suffer from slow convergence, hindering real-time application. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a communication-free distributed ripple suppression method