With the gradual depletion of conventional hydrocarbon resources, low- and ultra-low-permeability reservoirs have become important targets for oil development. Nanoemulsions exhibit great potential for enhanced oil recovery because of their favorable interfacial activity, small droplet size, and excellent transport capability. However, the interfacial dynamics and capillary mechanisms involved in microscale two-phase displacement processes remain poorly understood. In this study, a self-develope