Salmonella enterica remains a major threat to animal and human health because of its broad host range, increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and capacity to form biofilms. Biofilm formation enhances bacterial persistence in host tissues, farm environments, food-processing systems, and clinical reservoirs, while also contributing to their tolerance against antibiotics, disinfectants, and other stresses. However, biofilm capacity is not uniform across serovars and is influenced by host adapta