Social justice in the age of privately owned autonomous vehicles: A multi-level acceptance framework linking local and general acceptance to behavioral intention and opposition-oriented collective action in South Korea

The deployment of privately owned autonomous vehicles (AVs) raises not only technological and market questions but also concerns about social justice and transport policy. This study examines how perceptions of social justice—comprising distributive, procedural, and interactional dimensions—are associated with public responses to privately owned AVs through distinct acceptance pathways. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with cross-sectional survey data from 400 r