Trained Immunity in Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes: Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Functions

Trained immunity refers to the enduring functional reprogramming of innate immune cells after particular stimuli, driven by epigenetic and metabolic alterations that augment non-specific responses upon subsequent exposure. Neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, as essential innate effectors, are crucial for the induction and control of trained immunity, which is the primary emphasis of this review. Neutrophils, the predominant circulating leukocytes, were historically considered incapable of mem