Principles and Classification of Plant Propagation Methods

Abstract Plant propagation underpins crop improvement, horticulture, forestry, and conservation. Two fundamentally distinct strategies—sexual (seed-based) and asexual (vegetative) propagation—are used depending on biological constraints and production objectives. Sexual propagation generates genetically diverse offspring through meiosis and fertilization, supporting adaptation and plant breeding, whereas asexual propagation exploits mitotic regeneration of somatic tissues to produce genetically