Therapeutic potential of infrared-treated bee venom: enhanced multi-faceted bioactivity via compositional modulation
Husam Qanash·Mashael Hakami·Sulaiman A. Alsalamah·Abdulrahman S. Bazaid·Safa H. Qahl·Abadi M. Mashlawi·Ali Alghubayshi·Amro Duhduh·Mohamed M. Alawlaqi·Aisha M. H. Al-Rajhi
Abstract Natural products are rich therapeutic sources, yet their translation into effective medicines remains challenging. Bee venom (BV) contains a diverse repertoire of bioactive molecules, but gentle, scalable methods to enhance its functionality are limited. This study, therefore, investigates a novel, solvent-free, post-extraction infrared (IR) conditioning step to fine-tune BV's composition and bioactivity. BV was irradiated (230 V, 50 Hz, 150 W) and compared to native extract using GC–MS