Precision Neuromodulation in Psychiatry: Focus on Temporal Interference Stimulation

Transcranial electrical stimulation with temporal interference (TES-TI) is a noninvasive technique that uses multiple high-frequency carrier currents to generate a low-frequency amplitude-modulated envelope, enabling steerable and relatively focal engagement of deep regions with reduced off-target exposure compared to conventional TES approaches. This review outlines the biophysical principles and technical implementation of TES-TI, summarizes safety and feasibility data in humans, and considers