Next-Generation Redox Mediators: Itaconate, Nitro-Fatty Acids, Reactive Sulfur Species and Succinate as Emerging Switches in Predictive Redox Medicine

Oxidative stress is no longer viewed as a random imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, but as a failure of an integrated redox network that connects metabolism, immunity, and metal homeostasis. Classical markers such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal define oxidative damage, yet they cannot explain how redox adaptation occurs or fails. Over the past decade, the discovery of regulated cell-death pathways (ferroptosis, cuproptosis) and emerging metabolic signals has rev